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Artificial Intelligence

Concepts, areas, techniques and applications

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is once again considered a new, hot topic. Today, a great deal of focus is on machine learning, artificial neural networks and deep learning, but AI is so much more. AI includes a vast amount of aspects and rich possibilities for applications. This makes it difficult to know what AI is, what it can do and be used for. Artificial Intelligence - Concepts, Areas, Techniques and Applications presents a broad overview of AI. In a direct and educational way, it describ...

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is once again considered a new, hot topic. Today, a great deal of focus is on machine learning, artificial neural networks and deep learning, but AI is so much more. AI includes a vast amount of aspects and rich possibilities for applications. This makes it difficult to know what AI is, what it can do and be used for. Artificial Intelligence - Concepts, Areas, Techniques and Applications presents a broad overview of AI. In a direct and educational way, it describes different areas of AI, presents the most commonly used techniques and sheds a light on real-world examples with the ambition to help people gain an understanding of this field. Besides offering knowledge regarding techniques, benefits and drawbacks, it also presents insights into future research and trends. The book is primarily intended to be used as a textbook and as a general introduction for students and teachers. It is also intended to be a useful source for people genuinely interested in the topic or for practitioners wanting to apply AI techniques and develop AI solutions in their companies, organizations and municipalities.

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Preface  9

Overview 13

1 Introduction 17

1.1 What is artificial intelligence? 18

1.2 History of artificial intelligence 18

1.3 Artificial intelligence areas 22

1.4 Different categories of intelligence 27

1.5 Artificial intelligence tasks 28

1.6 The outline of the book 29

1.7 Exercises 29

Further reading 31

2 Searching, planning and scheduling 35

2.1 Search algorithms 35

2.2 Planning and scheduling 55

2.3 Exercises 64

Further reading 67

3 Decision support, expert and knowledge-based systems 69

3.1 History 71

3.2 Decision support systems 73

3.3 Expert systems 80

3.4 Knowledge representation 84

3.5 Inference mechanism 92

3.6 Knowledge-based systems 101

3.7 Tools for modeling and presenting contents 110

3.8 Limitations 114

3.9 Popularity of decision support systems, expert systems and knowledge-based systems 114

3.10 Exercises 115

Further reading 118

4 Agent-based systems and multi-agent systems 121

4.1 History 123

4.2 The problem domain of agents 124

4.3 Agents 126

4.4 Multi-agent teamwork 133

4.5 Multi-agent system environments 136

4.6 Popularity of agents and ­multi-agent systems 141

4.7 Problems with multi-agent systems 142

4.8 Exercises 143

Further reading 144

5 Machine learning 147

5.1 History of machine learning 150

5.2 Machine learning systems 152

5.3 Machine learning process 154

5.4 Machine learning categories and algorithms 164

5.5 Supervised learning 165

5.6 Unsupervised learning 190

5.7 Other learning categories 196

5.8 Popularity of machine learning systems 198

5.9 Problems 198

5.10 Exercises 199

Further reading 202

6 Artificial neural networks 205

6.1 History 209

6.2 Types of neural networks 212

6.3 Types of learning 225

6.4 Popularity of neural networks 237

6.5 Exercises 237

Further reading 239

7 Deep learning 241

7.1 History 243

7.2 Deep neural networks 244

7.3 Exercises 267

Further reading 268

8 Natural language processing 271

8.1 History 273

8.2 Parsing and generation 275

8.3 Subfields with methods and notations 278

8.4 Syntax 278

8.5 Semantics 284

8.6 Pragmatics 287

8.7 Phonology and phonetics 288

8.8 Techniques for natural language processing 290

8.9 Problems 292

8.10 Exercises 293

Further reading 294

9 Miscellaneous topics and tools 297

9.1 Robotics and mobile, autonomous agents 297

9.2 Perception and computer vision, virtual reality and augmented reality 299

9.3 Cognitive science, cognitive com­putation and cognitive computing 305

9.4 Bio-inspired artificial intelligence 307

Further reading 314

10 AI in society – revolution and future 319

10.1 AI in society 319

10.2 AI and ethics 327

10.3 The AI revolution 330

10.4 The future of AI 332

10.5 Research front 335

Further reading 338

References 343

Index 359

Information

Språk:

Engelska

ISBN:

9789144125992

Utgivningsår:

2020

Artikelnummer:

39923-01

Upplaga:

Första

Sidantal:

372
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